The bottom is made by first cutting a false bottom and a bottom piece together, then attaching them inside the clay coil, maintaining the "small square bell" level. As already explained in the second lesson, I emphasize again: when attaching the bottom piece, you must place it inside the clay coil. The clay coil around the bottom piece must be uniform. Never confuse the clay coil with the bottom piece or use the bottom piece as a clay coil—keep them clearly distinguished. When attaching the bottom piece, whether it's a flat bottom, single-layer bottom, or bare bottom, the smooth side must face upward. ## (II) Precautions for Single-Layer Bottom: After the lower section (lower half) of the body cylinder is completed, you simply need to attach a bottom piece of the correct size. When attaching a single-layer bottom, the bottom piece should be attached as soon as it's ready. After attaching the bottom piece, gently tap the top with a paddle. At this point, due to the force applied at the top, the edge of the bottom piece will expand slightly outward. Immediately use a fish-tail knife to trim around the expanded area, then use the hand-bottom tool to work the bottom center. At this time, the edge of the bottom will expand again. Use the paddle to tap it flat and trim it. Through this repeated application of force, the bottom piece becomes quite solid and won't collapse when turned over. ## (III) Precautions for Double-Layer Bottom: Double-layer bottoms are generally used for square-shaped wares. When attaching the bottom to square wares, to prevent the rim from detaching, the general practice is to attach the rim first and scrape away excess clay. When attaching a double-layer bottom, don't press the bottom piece under the clay coil—the bottom should be slightly higher than the clay coil and should meet the clay coil at the corners. This ensures a tight attachment. As soon as the bottom is attached, you must work quickly to tap the corners properly. Don't wait until it hardens, because once it hardens, it becomes difficult to work with. ## (IV) False Bottom and Top Section: A false bottom refers to a clay piece added onto the bottom piece. The treatment of false bottoms can be broadly categorized into two types: attaching the false bottom and trimming the false bottom. Attaching false bottoms can be further divided into visible and concealed types. The top section refers to the clay piece added on top of the rim. We generally call the upper part of a teapot the "top section" and the lower part the "false bottom." The false bottom serves two purposes: First, it's a structural necessity in the craftsmanship—it bridges the gap between the clay coil and the bottom joint; it's an essential technical measure to avoid unnecessary damage (especially to semi-finished products). Second, it enriches the form of the vessel. (According to the unified terminology of the national ceramics industry: the top section is called the "flared rim," and the false bottom is called the "foot ring.") --- [Note: The final line appears to be a header or title fragment that may be part of a larger document structure]